Tugas Bahasa Inggris

INDIRECT SPEECH

Indirect speech, also called reported speech or indirect discourse, is a means of expressing the content of statements, questions or other utterances, without quoting them explicitly as is done in direct speech. For example, He said "I'm coming" is direct speech, whereas He said he was coming is indirect speech. Indirect speech should not be confused with indirect speech acts.

In terms of grammar, indirect speech often makes use of certain syntactic structures such as content clauses ("that" clauses, such as (that) he was coming), and sometimes infinitive phrases. References to questions in indirect speech frequently take the form of interrogative content clauses, also called indirect questions (such as whether he was coming).

In indirect speech certain grammatical categories are changed relative to the words of the original sentence. For example, person may change as a result of a change of speaker or listener (as Ichanges to he in the example above). In some languages, including English, the tense of verbs is often changed – this is often called sequence of tenses. Some languages have a change ofmood: Latin switches from indicative to the infinitive (for statements) or the subjunctive (for questions).

When written, indirect speech is not normally enclosed in quotation marks or any similar typographical devices for indicating that a direct quotation is being made. However such devices are sometimes used to indicate that the indirect speech is a faithful quotation of someone's words (with additional devices such as square brackets and ellipses to indicate deviations or omissions from those words), as in He informed us that "after dinner [he] would like to make an announcement".

Changes in form 

In indirect speech, words generally have referents appropriate to the context in which the act of reporting takes place, rather than that in which the speech act being reported took place (or is conceived as taking place). The two acts often differ in reference point (origo) – the point in time and place and the person speaking – and also in the person being addressed and the linguistic context. Thus when a sentence involves words or forms whose referents depend on these circumstances, they are liable to change when the sentence is put into indirect speech. In particular this commonly affects:

·         personal pronouns, such as I, you, he, we, and the corresponding verb forms (in pro-drop languages the meaning of the pronoun may be conveyed solely by verb inflection).

·         demonstratives, such as this and that.

·         phrases of relative time or place such as now, yesterday and here.

There may also be a change of tense or other modifications to the form of the verb, such as change of mood. These changes depend on the grammar of the language in question – some examples can be found in the following sections.

It should be noted that indirect speech need not refer to a speech act that has actually taken place; it may concern future or hypothetical discourse; for example, If you ask him why he's wearing that hat, he'll tell you to mind your own business. Also, even when referring to a known completed speech act, the reporter may deviate freely from the words that were actually used, provided the meaning is retained. This contrasts with direct speech, where there is an expectation that the original words will be reproduced exactly.

Excample

Some examples of changes in form in indirect speech in English are given below. See also Sequence of tenses, and Uses of English verb forms: Indirect speech.

·         It is raining hard.

She says that it is raining hard. (no change)

She said that it was raining hard. (change of tense when the main verb is past tense)

·         I have painted the ceiling blue.

He said that he had painted the ceiling blue. (change of person and tense)

·         I will come to your party tomorrow.

I said that I would come to his party the next day/the following day. (change of tense, person and time expression)

·         How do people manage to live in this city?

I asked him how people managed to live in that city. (change of tense and question syntax, and of demonstrative)

·         Please leave the room.

I asked them to leave the room. (use of infinitive phrase)

The tense changes illustrated above (also called backshifting), which occur because the main verb ("said", "asked") is in the past tense, are not obligatory when the situation described is still valid:

·         Ed is a bore.

She said that Ed was/is a bore. (optional change of tense)

·         I am coming over to watch television.

Benjamin said that he is/was coming over to watch television. (change of person, optional change of tense)

In these sentences the original tense can be used provided that it remains equally valid at the time of the reporting of the statement (Ed is still considered a bore; Benjamin is still expected to come over).

DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct and Indirect Speech, yang juga kita kenal dengan istilah lain yaitu Reported Speech. Direct Speect adalah kalimat yang diucapkan secara langsung oleh pembicara dan jika ditulis kalimat tersebut akan diberi tanda kutip. Sedangkan Indirect Speech adalah kalimat yang kita laporkan kepada orang lain secara tidak langsung dan tanpa diberi koma.

Contoh:
Reporting verb: Tono says,
Reported words ”I’m very good at English”
Tense yang harus kita perhatikan dalam pola ini yaitu:

Direct Speech:
Simple Present Tense
Present Continuous Tense
Present Perfect Tense
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Simple Past Tense
Simple Future Tense
Future Continouos Tense
Conditional

Indirect Speech:
Simple Past Tense
Past Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Continuous Tense
Past Perfect Tense
Past Future Tense/Conditional
Past Future Continuous Tense (Conditional Continuous)
Conditional
Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanya,

Contoh :
He said, “The sun rises in the east” → He said that the sun rises in the east.
PERUBAHAN ADVERB OF TIME (KETERANGAN WAKTU) YANG PERLU DIPERHATIKAN:
Direct  :                                               Indirect :
Now                                        →        Then
Today                                      →        That day
Tonight                                    →        That night
This week                                →        That week
Yesterday                                →        The day before
The day before yesterday       →        Two days before
Last night                                →        The night before
Last week/year                        →        The previous week/year
A year ago                               →        A year before/The previous year
Three years ago                       →        Three years before
Tomorrow                               →        The next day/The following day
The day after tomorrow          →        In two day’s time/The following day
Next week/year                       →        The following week/year
On Sunday                              →        On Sunday
Here                                        →        There
This book                                →        The book
This                                         →        That
These                                       →        Those
Over there                               →        Over there

*etc.
PERUBAHAN-PERUBAHAN AUXILIARIES (KATA BANTU) YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN:

Can      →        Could
May     →        Might
Might  →        Might
Must    →        Would have to (kegiatan yang akan datang)/had to (keharusan yang biasa)

*etc.
Contoh:
The man said, “I must mend the wall next week”
The man said that he would have to mend the wall the following week.
Pria itu mengatakan bahwa dia harus memperbaiki dinding minggu berikutnya.
The girl said, ” I must wash my hands before eating”
The girl said that she had to wash her hands before eating.
Gadis itu berkata bahwa dia harus mencuci tangannya sebelum makan.

*etc.
Direct and Indirect Speech ada 3 macam:

1. Statement (Pernyataan) yang menggunakan “that”
He said, “we will go to Singapore tomorrow”
He said that they would go to Singapore the next day.
Bob said, ” I’m a university student”
Bob said that he was a university student.

2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.
He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.

3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.
Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Contoh:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.
Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.

EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :

2. Command (Perintah) menambahkan kata “to” sebagai penghubung kalimat melaporkan dengan yang dilaporkan. “not to” dalam perintah negatif.

He told me, “wait for me !”
He told me to wait for him.
She told me, “don’t cheat anymore !”
She told me not to cheat anymore.

3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.

Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Contoh:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.
Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.


EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :

3. Question (Pertanyaan) jika kalimat dari jenis “yes or no question”, maka bentuk laporannya menggunakan if atau whether.

Ina asked me, “Do you really love me?”
Ina asked me if/whether I really loved her.
Mixed type:
Contoh:
Anton asked me, “what’s happening to you ? You look so pale”
Anton asked me what was happening to me as I looked so pale.
Catatan: Past Tense kadang-kadang tidak berubah dalam percakapan.

EXAMPLE DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH :

1.      D : She says to her friend, “ I have been reading “
I : She says to her friend that he has been reading
2.      D : He will say, “ The girl wasn’t ugly “
I : He will tell them that the girl wasn’t ugly
3.      D : Reza said, “ I’m very sleepy “
I : Reza said that he was very sleepy
4.      D : He has told you, “ I am writing “
I : He has told you that he is writing
5.      D : Mother said to her son, “ study hard “
I : Mothe advised her son to study hard
6.      D : My friend said to me, “ I don’t like football “
I : My friend said to me that he didn’t like football
7.      D : She said, “ I didn’t go to campus
I : She said that she hadn’t gone to campus this morning
8.      D : Rikza says, “ I have seen that movies “
I : Rikza says that she has seen that movies
9.      D : Mother asked her, “ Don’t go there alone “
I : Mother asked her not to go there alone
10.  D : Father asked robi, “ Don’t smoke too much “
I : Father asked robi not to smoke too much

Present Continuous

FORM

[am/is/are + present participle]
Examples:

·       You are watching TV.

·       Are you watching TV?

·       You are not watching TV.

Complete List of Present Continuous Forms
USE 1 Now

Use the Present Continuous with Normal Verbs to express the idea that something is happening now, at this very moment. It can also be used to show that something is not happening now.
Examples:

·       You are learning English now.

·       You are not swimming now.

·       Are you sleeping?

·       I am sitting.

·       I am not standing.

·       Is he sitting or standing?

·       They are reading their books.

·       They are not watching television.

·       What are you doing?

·       Why aren't you doing your homework?

USE 2 Longer Actions in Progress Now

In English, "now" can mean: this second, today, this month, this year, this century, and so on. Sometimes, we use the Present Continuous to say that we are in the process of doing a longer action which is in progress; however, we might not be doing it at this exact second.
Examples: (All of these sentences can be said while eating dinner in a restaurant.)

·       I am studying to become a doctor.

·       I am not studying to become a dentist.

·       I am reading the book Tom Sawyer.

·       I am not reading any books right now.

·       Are you working on any special projects at work?

·       Aren't you teaching at the university now?

USE 3 Near Future

Sometimes, speakers use the Present Continuous to indicate that something will or will not happen in the near future.
Examples:

·       I am meeting some friends after work.

·       I am not going to the party tonight.

·       Is he visiting his parents next weekend?

·       Isn't he coming with us tonight?

USE 4 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Present Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happens. Notice that the meaning is like Simple Present, but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:

·       She is always coming to class late.

·       He is constantly talking. I wish he would shut up.

·       I don't like them because they are always complaining.

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs/ Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Present Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Present.
Examples:

·       She is loving this chocolate ice cream. Not Correct

·       She loves this chocolate ice cream. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:

·       You are still watching TV.

·       Are you still watching TV?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:

·       Right now, Tom is writing the letter. Active

·       Right now, the letter is being written by Tom. Passive

 Simple Future

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
FORM Will

·       You will help him later.

·       Will you help him later?

·       You will not help him later.

FORM Be Going To

·       You are going to meet Jane tonight.

·       Are you going to meet Jane tonight?

·       You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action

·       I will send you the information when I get it.

·       I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.

·       Will you help me move this heavy table?

·       Will you make dinner?

·       I will not do your homework for you.

·       I won't do all the housework myself!

·       A: I'm really hungry.

·       B: I'll make some sandwiches.

·       A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.

·       B: I'll get you some coffee.

·       A: The phone is ringing.

·       B: I'll get it.

[will + verb]

Examples:

[am/is/are + going to + verb]

Examples:

USE 1 "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action"Will"

 often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something.

Examples:

·       I will send you the information when I get it.

·       I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it.

·       Will you help me move this heavy table?

·       Will you make dinner?

·       I will not do your homework for you.

·       I won't do all the housework myself!

·       A: I'm really hungry.

·       B: I'll make some sandwiches.

·       A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep.

·       B: I'll get you some coffee.

·       A: The phone is ringing.

·       B: I'll get it.

Past Tense

Dalam bahasa Inggris ada Past Tense, sedangkan bahasa Indonesia kalaupun ada tak perlu dipelajari, karena kata kerjanya tidak berubah. Seperti Present Tense, maka Past Tense ini pun terbagi 4: Ada yang Simple Past atau disebut Past Tense saja, ada yang Past Continuous Tense, Past Prefect Tense dan Past Perfect Continuous Tense.

Inti dari Past Tense adalah untuk menyatakan peristiwa yang telah “Lampau”. Lampau disini tak harus sudah lama-lama amat juga, pokoknya sudah berlalu, sudah lewat. Itulah penekanannya. Mungkin kemarin, satu jam lalu, 2 tahun lalu, 2 abad yang lalu, dan sebagainya.

Rumus Past Tense:

Positif: S + V2

Negatif: S + did not + V1

Tanya: Did + S + V1

Contoh Kalimat Past Tense:
-I launched this blog on july 14th 2009

Artinya:
Saya meluncurkan atau launching blog ini tanggal 14 juli 2009.
Sudah lewat kan?

see – saw – seen (melihat)
buy – bought- bought (membeli)
go – went – gone (pergi)

-I saw her standing there (Saya lihat dia berdiri disana).
-My Father bought this car last year
-They went to Tokyo last month
-She went home two minutes ago

Kalimat Negatif Past Tense

Sesuai rumusnya: S + did + not + V1

Perhatikan dengan seksama, Kata kerjanya berubah lagi menjadi bentuk pertama (V1). Lalu kata kerja bentuk past-nya kemana? Pindah ke DID nya itu. 

V1 -V2 – V3: Do – Did – Done

Kalimat positif tadi, kita jadikan negatif:
-I saw her standing there
Menjadi: I did not see her standing there

Positif: My Father bought this car last year
Negatif: My Father did not BUY this car last year

Anda coba yang dua ini ya:
-They went to Tokyo last month.
-She went home two minutes ago.

Kalimat Tanya Past Tense

Kalau Anda sudah tau kalimat negatif Past Tense maka kalimat tanya tinggal dibalik mawon, DID nya di depan Subject.

Positif: My Father bought this car last year
Tanya: Did My Father BUY this car last year

contoh:
-They went to Tokyo last month. Jadi ….
-She went home two minutes ago. Jadi ….

Boleh saja  tambahkan dengan Where, When, Why dan sebagainya seperti ini:

-When did my father buy this car?
-Why did they go to tokyo?

Question Tag

·         Question tag adalah pertanyaan pendek yang ditambahkan di akhir pernyataan (declarative sentence) untuk menanyakan informasi atau meminta persetujuan.

·         Seperti idiom, question tag merupakan bagian yang sering digunakan dalam percakapan sehari-hari seorang native speaker. Walaupun grammar, pronounciation, dan intonation-nya baik, seseorang dapat mudah dikenali bukan sebagai native speaker, jika tidak menggunakan question tag.

Rumus Question tag

linking verb “be”/auxiliary verb +/- not + pronoun

·         Linking verb “be” yaitu: is, am, are, was, were, sedangkan auxiliary verb berupa primary auxiliary verb (be, do, have) atau modal auxiliary verb (will, would, may, may, might, can, could, shall, should) yang cocok dengan verb pada bagian pernyataan.

·         Pronoun cocok dengan subject pada bagian pernyataan.

Contoh Question Tag:

·         You love math, don’t you? (Kamu suka matematika kan?)

·         You don’t love math, do you? (Kamu tidak suka matematika kan?)

Present Perfect

Rumus:
[has/have + past participle]

Examples:

·       You have seen that movie many times.

·       Have you seen that movie many times?

·       You have not seen that movie many times.

Complete List of Present Perfect Forms
USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:

·       I have seen that movie twenty times.

·       I think I have met him once before.

·       There have been many earthquakes in California.

·       People have traveled to the Moon.

·       People have not traveled to Mars.

·       Have you read the book yet?

·       Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.

·       A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?

·       B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.

Past Continous
rumus:
was/were + present participle]
Examples:

·       You were studying when she called.

·       Were you studying when she called?

·       You were not studying when she called.

Complete List of Past Continuous Forms
USE 1 Interrupted Action in the Past

Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
Examples:

·       I was watching TV when she called.

·       When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.

·       While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.

·       What were you doing when the earthquake started?

·       I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm.

·       You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off.

·       While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car.

·       Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane.

·       While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off.

·       A: What were you doing when you broke your leg?

·       B: I was snowboarding.

USE 2 Specific Time as an Interruption

In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.
Examples:

·       Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.

·       At midnight, we were still driving through the desert.

·       Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.

In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In the Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action.
Examples:

·       Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner.

·       I started eating at 6 PM.

·       Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner.

·       I started earlier; and at 6 PM, I was in the process of eating dinner.

USE 3 Parallel Actions

When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel.
Examples:

·       I was studying while he was making dinner.

·       While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television.

·       Were you listening while he was talking?

·       I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes.

·       What were you doing while you were waiting?

·       Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either.

·       They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.

USE 4 Atmosphere

In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past.
Example:

·       When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the boss was yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.

USE 5 Repetition and Irritation with "Always"

The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing."
Examples:

·       She was always coming to class late.

·       He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone.

·       I didn't like them because they were always complaining.

While vs. When
Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence.
Examples:

·       I was studying when she called.

·       While I was studying, she called.

REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs
It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past.
Examples:

·       Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct

·       Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:

·       You were just studying when she called.

·       Were you just studying when she called?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:

·       The salesman was helping the customer when the thief came into the store. Active

·       The customer was being helped by the salesman when the thief came into the store. Passive

Past Perfect

rumus: 

[had + past participle]

Examples:

·       You had studied English before you moved to New York.

·       Had you studied English before you moved to New York?

·       You had not studied English before you moved to New York.

Complete List of Past Perfect Forms

USE 1 Completed Action Before Something in the Past

The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action in the past. It can also show that something happened before a specific time in the past.

Examples:

·       I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.

·       I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.

·       Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.

·       Had Susan ever studied Thai before she moved to Thailand?

·       She only understood the movie because she had read the book.

·       Kristine had never been to an opera before last night.

·       We were not able to get a hotel room because we had not booked in advance.

·       A: Had you ever visited the U.S. before your trip in 2006?
B: Yes, I had been to the U.S. once before.

USE 2 Duration Before Something in the Past (Non-Continuous Verbs)

With Non-Continuous Verbs and some non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Past Perfect to show that something started in the past and continued up until another action in the past.

Examples:

·       We had had that car for ten years before it broke down.

·       By the time Alex finished his studies, he had been in London for over eight years.

·       They felt bad about selling the house because they had owned it for more than forty years.

Although the above use of Past Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs.

IMPORTANT Specific Times with the Past Perfect

Unlike with the Present Perfect, it is possible to use specific time words or phrases with the Past Perfect. Although this is possible, it is usually not necessary.

Example:

·       She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.

MOREOVER

If the Past Perfect action did occur at a specific time, the Simple Past can be used instead of the Past Perfect when "before" or "after" is used in the sentence. The words "before" and "after" actually tell you what happens first, so the Past Perfect is optional. For this reason, both sentences below are correct.

Examples:

·       She had visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.

·       She visited her Japanese relatives once in 1993 before she moved in with them in 1996.

HOWEVER

If the Past Perfect is not referring to an action at a specific time, Past Perfect is not optional. Compare the examples below. Here Past Perfect is referring to a lack of experience rather than an action at a specific time. For this reason, Simple Past cannot be used.

Examples:

·       She never saw a bear before she moved to Alaska. Not Correct

·       She had never seen a bear before she moved to Alaska. Correct

ADVERB PLACEMENT

The examples below show the placement for grammar adverbs such as: always, only, never, ever, still, just, etc.

Examples:

·       You had previously studied English before you moved to New York.

·       Had you previously studied English before you moved to New York?

ACTIVE / PASSIVE

Examples:

·       George had repaired many cars before he received his mechanic's license. Active

·       Many cars had been repaired by George before he received his mechanic's license. Passive

refensi:

•  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_speech
• http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/pastperfect.
• http://triicecsfabregas.blogspot.com/2012/03/direct-and-indirect-speech.html